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springbird |
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2003-12-02 15:56:38 |
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中国北京 |
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主题：珊瑚王国澳洲大堡礁 [转][多图]
内容：
珊瑚王国澳洲大堡礁——潜入世界最大的珊瑚礁
撰文：道格拉斯•查德威克 Douglas H.Chadwick
摄影：大卫•都必烈 David Doubilet
翻译：涂可欣
巨大的、像猫一样的眼镜反射着光芒，一会儿出现在手电筒光晕的边缘，一会儿又极为靠近。它们闪烁着惨白银光，但瞳孔的颜色，却比漆黑四周还要深暗。但“珊瑚海”深达十二米的海中，是不可能有猫巡游于此的，这些都是鲨鱼。它们的种类难以分辨，不过某些朦胧灰暗的体型，看来比我还要大上许多。
气瓶中的空气消耗的比预期快，我浮出海面，发现自己离船有一大段距离，于是我顶着黑色浪涛，朝遥远的船灯游去。那种感觉有如恶梦，你费尽力气想要快跑，身体却不听使唤。我暗自发誓，短期内再也不夜潜澳洲大堡礁。然而数天后，在一个满月的夜晚，我又再度潜入十五米深的海域，面对着更多猫似的眼睛。
这些猫眼是斑点长尾须鲨的眼睛，那是种有美丽斑点的小型鲨，当它们绕行柱状珊瑚礁时，身躯柔软仿若鳗鱼。还有两尾蓑
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springbird |
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2003-12-02 16:08:30 |
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中国北京 |
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跟贴：接上篇，影像特写，摄影：大卫•都必烈 David Doubilet
1. 放诸天下皆准的鳕鱼：
A Cod for Every Occasion
“这条鳕鱼的正名应该叫做蓝身大斑石斑鱼，不过大堡礁里所有的鱼好像都叫这个鳕那个鳕的。”大卫‧都必烈说。为什么？且听他的理论：“澳洲一度是英国流放人犯的殖民地，所以那些从纽盖特监狱直接出来的犯人，看到这些鱼的时候就说：‘这啥？是个鳕鱼！’才从英国船上下来，他们知道什么？”
“It's called a potato cod, but it seems every fish on the Great Barrier Reef is named this-cod or that-cod,” says photographer David Doubilet. Why? Here's his theory: “Australia was once an English penal colony, so convicts straight from Newgate Prison saw these incredible fish and said, ‘Wot's that? It's a cod!’ Just off the boat from England, what else did they know?”
拍摄细节：
相机: Nikon F4／底片: Velvia／镜头: 16mm fisheye／天气状况: N/A／摄影时间: N/A／补光技巧: 2 strobes／快门与光圈: 1/15 @ f/16
2. 水下变性：
Gender-bending Down Under
是男生还是女生？遇上了海葵双锯鱼，有时很难分辨得出来，因为它们的性别会换来换去的。在一个社群里面，当主控的雌鱼死掉了，它的伴侣雄鱼就会变性，接手主导权。
Male or female? It's sometimes tough to tell with the clown anemonefish (Amphiprion percula) due to its gender-bending ways. In social groups, when the dominant female dies, the male of the pair changes sex and then takes charge.
拍摄细节：
相机: Nikon F4／底片: Velvia／镜头: 60mm macro lens／天气状况: N/A／摄影时间: N/A／补光技巧: 2 strobes／快门与光圈: 1/15 @ f/16
3. 海鳗色彩学：
Eel-luminating Color
看见星点海鳗斑驳的外表，可能会误以为是哪位灵感涌现的画家杰作。海鳗家族其它的成员，科学家称之为Muraenidae科的，都会给人类似的印象。想想拥有活泼线条的斑马海鳗、有圆点花纹的白吻海鳗、还有黑点海鳗──它的外表就像是细小磁砖的镶嵌艺品一样，排列得非常有艺术感。但在这样一个许多鱼类都拥有斑斓色彩的珊瑚礁中，海鳗科的鱼类不过是要与他们爱现的邻居一争高下罢了。
Gaze at the speckled skin of the starry moray eel and it might seem like the creation of an inspired graphic artist. The rest of the moray family, which scientists call Muraenidae, creates a similar impression. Imagine the vivid stripes of the zebra moray, the polka-dotted body of the whitemouth moray, and the black-spotted moray—its skin like a mosaic of tiny tiles, artfully arranged. But on a reef where so many fish come in such a dazzling array of colors and patterns, family Muraenidae is just keeping up with the Joneses.
拍摄细节：
相机: Nikon F4／底片: Velvia／镜头: 105mm macro lens／天候状况: N/A／摄影时间: N/A／打光技巧: 2 strobes／快门与光圈: 1/15 @ f/16
4. 赶路回家：
Heading Home in a Hurry
它们可以回家，事实上，它们的确都会回家。当绿行龟准备繁殖的时候，通常都倾向于回到自己孵化的岛屿。它们的旅程常长达数百哩，但有可能会因为遇上掠食者而走不下去。
They can (and do) go home again. When green turtles are ready to breed, they tend to return to the islands where they hatched. Their journey, often hundreds of miles long, may be cut short by hungry predators.
拍摄细节：
相机: Nikon F4／底片: Velvia／镜头: 20mm Nikonos lens／天候状况: N/A／摄影时间: N/A／打光技巧: N/A／快门与光圈: 1/4 @ f/11
5.：牛肉在哪里？
Where's the Beef?
狗母鱼是贪婪的肉食主义者，这两条狗母鱼只伸出眼睛，看能不能捞点快餐吃吃。小鱼小虾是最受欢迎的菜单，这些大嘴巴鱼通常躲在沙子或泥巴中，然后冲出来捕捉猎物。
Voracious meat-eaters, two lizardfish keep their eyes out for a bite of fast food. Small fish and shrimps are particular favorites. These large-mouth fish often bury themselves in sand or mud and dart out to capture prey.
拍摄细节：
相机: Nikon F4／底片: Velvia／镜头: 105mm macro lens／天候状况: N/A／摄影时间: N/A／打光技巧: 2 strobes／快门与光圈: 1/15 @ f/16
6.翔入深渊：
Soaring to Great Depths
可以在鹭鸶岛附近潜至最深处的鬼蝠?，其实可以更上一层楼。它那有力的“双翼”（其实是可以拍动的胸鳍），令它得以冲出水面数?高，然后再重重的“啪”一声落回水面。
Bottoming out near Heron Island, a manta ray can hit much higher altitudes too. Its powerful “wings” (actually pectoral fin flaps) enable it to burst from the surface of the sea and soar several feet into the air before plummeting back to its natural home, landing with a loud slap.
拍摄细节：
相机: Nikonos／底片: Velvia／镜头: 12mm Sea & Sea lens／天候状况: N/A／摄影时间: N/A／打光技巧: 2 strobes／快门与光圈: 1/60 @ f/4
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springbird |
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2003-12-02 16:13:31 |
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中国北京 |
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跟贴：接上篇，文字记者与摄影师的采访笔记
珊瑚王国澳洲大堡礁
摄影师大卫‧都必烈的采访笔记
《最棒的事 Best》
春季时分，一大群俗名多纹石鲈的鱼聚集在北方堡礁一处叫做“鳕鱼洞”的地方，那是个由堡礁外缘所屏障的连串珊瑚岬角。这些有着黄色条纹与厚厚粉红色嘴唇的美丽鱼类，在这样的交配聚会中回游。实在令人叹为观止，也是北礁一带众多炫目的生物行为之一。
In the spring, a huge gathering of fish called many-lined sweetlips congregate in the northern barrier reef at a place called the Cod Hole, a series of big coral heads protected from the outer edge by the ramparts of the barrier reef. These beautiful yellow-striped fish with big pinkish lips swirl around in this mating aggregation. It's very impressive and one of the more gorgeous things about life on the northern reef.
《最糟的事 Worst》
大堡礁面对着广阔的“珊瑚海”。由于其自澳洲海岸线向外延伸得如此之远，大部分的时候，它的风浪可能都大得蛮吓人的。我们自格拉斯顿出发，经过鹭鸶岛，要到距离海岸241公里左右的斯温礁。出去的航程相当平顺，当我们抵达目的地时，水面波平如镜，就是那种珊瑚礁美得不得了的日子。潜了几天水之后，我们踏上归途，启程前往鹭鸶岛。然而我们的归航并不平静。大海在高达45节的强风下，掀起了5米高的巨浪，我们那艘18米长的船，就这样被暴力地抛来抛去。船长的背受了伤，而船员，也就是他的孩子，全程都在不舒服。这是他们历经过最恐怖的海象之一。我们就像是在浪峰与浪谷之间消失，然后再现。这艘船是敏捷灵活型的，虽然不大舒适，却也清楚说明了这是艘安全的航海船，但有时我们会被拉着翻转60度。我是个糟糕的水手，所以当这种情况发生，我都尽可能地待在铺位上。但这是紧急状况，不管你感受如何，每个人都要轮流守望。当我们速度慢至6节时，明晃晃的阳光又把我们晒得快成人干。当我们驶近鹭鸶岛之际，风又增强了。每天都吹着30节左右的东南风，潜水因而变得非常困难。不过在堡礁地带就是这样。前一刻它美得令人屏息，下一刻就翻脸不认人了。
Since the Great Barrier Reef extends so far off from Australia's shoreline, much of the time it can be terrifically rough. From Gladstone we went out past Heron Island to a place called the Swains, about 150 miles (241 kilometers) offshore. The passage out was quite smooth. After a couple of days of diving, we headed back toward Heron Island. But instead of a calm return, the seas mounted until they reached 15 to 16 feet (5 meters) with winds gusting to 45 knots. Our 60-foot-long (18-meters-long) boat tossed around violently. The captain hurt his back very badly, and the crew—his children—were sick all the time. These were some of the roughest seas any of them had ever experienced. At times we were pulling 60-degree rolls. I'm a terrible sailor, so when that happens I take to my bunk. But this was an emergency so all of us took watch, no matter how bad we felt. We got beaten to hell by a steady beam sea for almost 24 hours and we slowed down to about six knots. The winds increased by the time we pulled into Heron Island. Day after day it stayed at a steady 30 knots out of the southeast, which made diving very difficult. But that’s how it is on the barrier reef. It can turn on a beautiful face, and then turn terribly ugly.
《最怪的事 Quirkiest》
蓑?是世上最毒的鱼类之一。它们看起来像就跟石头一模一样，大约是一团面包的大小。在珊瑚礁中它们的保护色非常好，除了Leona Helmsley-style般下翻的嘴巴之外，它们算得上相当漂亮。颜色从褐紫红色到橙黄色都有。但沿着它们的背部有13根防御棘刺，如果不小心踩到，就会有毒液注入你体内，能导致立即的疼痛甚至死亡。
我去到一个名为“妖精之巅”的地方，当我伸手要摸一块珊瑚的时候，才发现自己是被一条数公分以外的蓑?给误导、感动了。这种鱼天生就是要静躺在水底等待猎物上门的，它通常都静止不动，当要攻击的时候才向前移动，而由肌肉组织及胸鳍推进，通常移动的距离也不会超过自己的身体长度。它构造复杂的大颚会向前与向下伸展，以便把猎物吸入。当它游泳时，会沿着珊瑚礁边缘笨拙地游动。然后它会在珊瑚间安顿下来，使自己和周遭景致融合，直到看不见为止。如果你看到一块美得不可方物的珊瑚，搞不好就是条蓑?。
Stone fish are the most venomous fish in the world. They look exactly like stones and are about the size of a round loaf of bread. On the reef they are completely camouflaged. They can be very beautiful, ranging in color from white to red-maroon to yellow-orange. But along their dorsal are 13 defensive spines, and if you step on them they will inject a venom into you that causes intense pain and even death.
I went to a place called Pixie Pinnacle and, when I reached toward a piece of coral, I missed touching a stonefish by inches. This fish is designed to lie in wait for its prey. Normally sedentary, when it strikes it moves forward not much more than its body length, propelled by its muscle structure and pectoral fins. Its complicated jaw literally shoots forward and outward, allowing the fish to inhale its prey. When it swims, it bumbles slowly along the side of a reef. Then it settles down among the coral and blends in until it seems to disappear. If you see a piece of reef that looks too good to be true, it’s probably a stonefish.
作者道格拉斯‧查德威克的采访笔记
《最棒的事 Best》
当你出野外时，几乎都是这样：你见得越多、学得越多，也就看得到越多东西。这就是研究自然史最有趣的地方──这是个浩瀚无垠的领域。你看到的是生命的历程，在珊瑚礁地带尤其如此，而大堡礁更是其中的佼佼者。
这是个最能刺激视觉的地方，有着层层不同色彩的生物生存。生命在海洋中如此演化了亿万年，超过了陆地生物的演化时间，所以海洋中的生物展现了更多采多姿的生存之道。我认为生物的创造能力是源源不绝的。
When you're out in wild places, it's almost always the case that the more you look and learn, the more you see. That’s the great joy of working in natural history: It's an infinite frontier. You’re looking at the process of life. That's especially true with a coral reef, and the Great Barrier Reef in particular.
It is the most visually amazing place with layer upon layer of different colored animals living on top of each other. Life has been doing this in the oceans for hundreds of millions of years longer than it has been on land, so there are more ways of living and existing. I felt an exuberance at the capacity of life for invention.
《最糟的事 Worst》
我十六岁的儿子跟船上一名潜水员一起去“漂潜”，那种潜水法是?上一艘小船溯到某道海流的上游处，跳进水里，然后让河水般的洋流把你带回船边。那种感觉极为美妙，因为当你身处洋流之中，就彷佛飞行一样。这道特别的洋流其实流速高达6节。根据水流的强度判断，他们应该10分钟就回来了，但40分钟之后我们还是没看到他。我们离岸边非常远，而在这广袤大海里面某处的，是我儿子。我不知道是不是海流把他冲进了什么洞穴，或者发生了什么意外。
终于，他从水里冒了出来，他告诉我说，他们在一道可以离开主要海流的珊瑚礁那儿看到了很酷的景致，于是他们就在那儿晃了好一会儿，欣赏风光。
当然了，我的牙齿已经因为忧虑而磨短了好几厘米，对自己深爱的人，你的关心总是会更甚于自己。不过我想我是多虑了，事实上，我儿子潜水潜得比我好，也比我勇敢多了。
My 16-year-old son went with one of the guys from our boat to do what's called a drift dive. That's where you take a small boat upstream in a tidal current, jump into the water, and let the riverlike current carry you back to the boat. It's wonderful because when you're in the current you feel like you're flying. This particular tidal current was really strong at six knots. Given the strength of the water, they should have been back in ten minutes. But 40 minutes later we still hadn't seen him. We were way offshore, and somewhere under that vast ocean was my son. I didn't know if the current trapped him in a cave or what was going on.
Finally, he just popped up out of the water. He told me they saw some really cool stuff in a bend of the coral reef where they could get out of the main stream. So they just hung around and watched it.
Of course, my teeth had been ground down to about a quarter of an inch from worry. You always get more scared for someone you love than for yourself, but I was projecting my own inadequacies out there. The truth is, my son is a better diver and a lot braver than I am.
《最怪的事 Quirkiest》
在一个叫做“鳕鱼洞”的地方，我太太比我先跳下水，不久之后，她开始抓狂地指着一条5米长的黑色旗鱼。我看着它游过我们身边，然后游上去告诉我们的船长马可‧艾丁顿。他瞪着我说：“我潜了那么多年水，也没看过那种东西！”
大概一星期之后，我在某个珊瑚塔附近潜水，当我抬头的时候，又看到一条旗鱼游过去。船长一直在怪我说神话故事，所以我想他一定不会相信我的。一辈子看到两次一定很罕见。
我决定要找个证人，所以就游到一位摄影助理玛丽‧贝尔身边，往上指着这条巨大的印度太平洋蓝旗鱼给她看。当它接近水面，而你由下往上看时，几乎看不到它，我能看到的只有条纹，其它的引没在闪烁的光线中。我们身边约有20,000条左右的鱼在游动，所以玛丽看不到那条别名剑鱼的旗鱼。
我比出一个有长鼻子的手势，但是玛丽只是好笑地看着我。突然我灵机一动，作出爱罗尔‧弗林击剑的动作，从她在护目镜后面瞪大眼珠的表情看来，我想她大概以为我潜水潜太久，所以氮麻醉了。她最后终于放弃跟我比手画脚，摇摇头游走了。
不过我还是告诉了船长我的第二次目击记录，结果他说：“这回我确定你真是编的。”
My wife jumped in the water just ahead of me at a place called Cod Hole. Soon after, she started frantically pointing at a 15-foot-long (five-meter-long) black marlin. I watched it cruise past us, then I went up and told Captain Marc Addington. He glared at me and said, “I've been diving for years, and I've never seen one of those things!”
A week later on another dive, I looked up and saw another marlin. The captain had accused me of telling tales, so I thought he wouldn't believe me. To see two of these things in a lifetime is rare.
I needed confirmation, so I swam over to one of the photographer's assistants, Mary Bell, and pointed up at this huge Indo-Pacific blue marlin. When it's near the surface and you look up at it from below, it almost disappears. About 20,000 other fish were swimming around us, so Mary couldn't pick out the marlin.
I made gestures of a long nose, but Mary just looked at me. Then I had a brainstorm and started fencing like Errol Flynn. She finally gave up trying to figure me out, shook her head, and swam off.
I told the captain about my second sighting anyway, and he said, “Now I know you're just making it up.”
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springbird |
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2003-12-02 16:16:49 |
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中国北京 |
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跟贴：接上篇，
你知道吗？
若是说到生物多样性，珊瑚礁是足以打败其它所有地形的。同样的情形只怕也适用于珊瑚的学名。珊瑚和珊瑚礁的名字是有特殊意义的，想知道其意义为何，请继续看下去。
“一株珊瑚”其实是众多珊瑚虫集合起来的群落，这些珊瑚虫都是由原本的一只珊瑚虫复制而来。珊瑚礁是具有石灰质骨骼的热带海洋动、植物，不断在前代的骨骼上增长而形成，而沙砾与污泥也会由此产生。在大堡礁地带，取决于生长地点的不同，珊瑚礁又可以区分为“环礁”（生长在大陆棚边缘），“平台礁”（生长在大陆棚上），或是“裙礁”（生长在大陆岛与大陆边缘）。
相关网站：
大堡礁海洋公园管理处 http://www.kyudo.com/kyudo.html
大堡礁海洋公园的官方网站，提供参观公园的信息，以及与珊瑚礁有关的重要议题。
Australian Institute of Marine Science http://www.aims.gov.au/
该组织由澳洲政府成立，为了“传递永续利用及保护海洋环境的知识”，网站上的解说包括了珊瑚的白化现象，棘冠海星的大量发生，污染，以及危险海洋生物等等。
CRC珊瑚礁研究中心 http://www.reef.crc.org.au/
该中心为澳洲政府所成立，提供科学信息、教育、以及关于利用珊瑚为基础的工业之训练与公园管理。可以看到在珊瑚礁区捕鱼所造成的影响。
鱼库 http://www.fishbase.org/
想认识哪种鱼吗？想认识所有的鱼吗？“鱼库”是个几乎无所不包的鱼类数据库，包含了25,000种以上的鱼类。有照片、型态描述、地理分布、生存环境，以及更多信息。
海底珊瑚英雄团 http://www.whitsunday.net.au/toms/ouch/ouch_content.htm
了解更多正文中所提珊瑚礁保护组织的信息，并且有成为OUCH一员的办法。
快银旅游 http://www.quicksilver-cruises.com/home.htm
提供大堡礁一日游的众多公司之一，该公司的游艇、半潜水艇以及直升机游览都令我们的作者道格拉斯‧查德威克十分愉快。
－完－－The End－
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springbird |
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2003-12-03 23:36:01 |
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中国北京 |
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跟贴：澳政府公布保护计划 让大堡礁更加美丽[组图]
（2003-12-03 19:17:44） 来源：新华网
这张资料照片展示了澳大利亚东北海岸大堡礁美丽的海底世界景象。12月3日，澳大利亚政府公布计划，使大堡礁海域为世界上最大的珊瑚礁保护区。
这张资料照片展示了澳大利亚东北海岸大堡礁中两块巨大珊瑚礁的俯瞰景象。
这张资料照片展示了澳大利亚东北海岸大堡礁一部分白化的珊瑚礁。新华社/法新
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richard |
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2006-07-26 10:04:18 |
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蓝色星球 |
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richard |
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2006-07-26 12:07:03 |
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蓝色星球 |
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springbird |
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2006-07-26 21:42:40 |
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中国北京 |
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跟贴：谢谢richard的提示。
原来图片是从《国家地理杂志中文网》（早先的http://www.nationalgeographic.com.tw，现在的http://www.ngm.comtw)转载来的，他家的网站域名发生了变化，新网站上也没有了2003年6月号以前的老内容。
幸好在英文网站 http://www.nationalgeographic.com 找到同文的图片，补充上来......顺便补充了一些英文原文。大致对比了一下，感觉翻译还算比较贴切原文。
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